Direction: This standard specification on the basis of last year made a small revision which has been marked by red, please pay attention!
Master’s degree thesis writing specification of Tianjin University of Technology and Education
The unified requirements of the degree thesis:
Graduate Thesis is a major achievement in scientific research, which shows the author’s new invention, theory or opinion during the research. It is an important basis for graduate degree applications, and also an important literature in the field of scientific research and a valuable community wealth.
The body of master's degree thesis is generally not less than 30 000 words.
Dissertation should be well-structured and based on reliable data, be textually concise and well-reasoned, make a thorough description and correct arguments. Thesis should normally consist of 11 major components, which are: 1. front cover; 2. inside front cover; 3. original statement and authorization; 4. abstract (in Chinese); 5. abstract (in English); 6. contents; 7. symbol description;8. main body; 9. bibliography; 10. acknowledgements; 11. research results and the published academic papers during the application; 12. appendix (this order is binding sequence).
A: General form and order:
1. Front cover: (annex I, developed by the Postgraduate Department)
title: should summarized the most important elements of the paper, be specific, relevant and not too general, but striking; be brief and strictly controlled in 25 words or less, if not entirely semantic, you can add a subtitle. Subtitle should be in a subordinate position and can be drawn by dashes in the next line of the title.
( subject ) speciality: on the basis of a professional catalogue of professional subject approved by the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council, usually secondary subject.
professor: the professor's signature shall be subject to the approval of enrollment, and only one chief mentor can be written.
2. Inside front cover: (annex II) Security classification: Secret, confidential, top classified. (Non-classified papers needn’t annotation).
classified item: by subject category, using the "Chinese Library Classification" to identify paper’s classified item.
3. Original statement and authorization: the "signature of the author" and "signature of the professor" in the "original statement" and "dissertation copyright authorization" can not be empty, otherwise the paper cannot be submit to graduate academic degree evaluation committee to discuss. (Single-set page, see annex III)
4. Chinese abstract: the first page is Chinese abstract which is about 800 to about 1000 words (only one page), including the purpose, research methods, results and conclusions. Please highlight the creative achievements of this paper, and refine the language. To facilitate the literature search, you should start a separate line in the bottom of the page to mark the key words (3-5) of the paper (see Appendix IV).
5. English Abstract: English abstract is after the Chinese abstract. English words should be accurate and use the generally used words of the discipline; Key words should under the guidance of the written terms of corresponding speciality. The content of English and Chinese abstract should be consistent (See Appendix IV).
6. Contents: outline of the paper and also the paper's subtitle (Annex VI).
7. Symbol description: If the paper uses a number of physical signs, symbols, abbreviations, specialized units, the custom of terms etc., explanatory notes should be written into a collected table. If the above-mentioned symbols and abbreviations are not frequently used, the collected table is not needed. Instead, give an explanation where it needs.
8. Introduction (Chapter 1): before the main body of the paper, should include the practical value of the paper in the national economy and its theoretical significance; the existing literature at home and abroad within the scope of this topic; problems to be solved.
9. Main body: the subject of the academic paper. The content generally include: research situation, theoretical analysis, calculation method, experimental equipment, testing method, analysis of experimental results, discussion of research results, conclusions and significance etc. Academic paper is designed for experts review and peer reference and it must be written concisely and be focused on the key point. Do not describe those common sense that professionals already familiar with. Meanwhile, make every chapter closely related as a whole. Make a quote reference number when citing academic achievements of others or academic point of view. Plagiarism is strictly prohibited.
10. Conclusion (final chapter): should be clear, refined, complete, accurate, and people can fully understand the significance, the purpose and content of the paper from the conclusion. Carefully explain the position, role and significance of your creative work.
11. Bibliography: Only list the literature that directly read by the author, quoted in the text, officially published. The style of writing references is common in the world; China has national standards which we should follow. No fiction and the whole text should be unified other than being mixed. References should be placed after the conclusion, may not be placed after each chapter.
12. Acknowledgement: acknowledgement is limited to the organizations and individuals that put important help on the completion of academic paper (not more than half page).
13. Research results and the published academic papers during the application: research result can be the research projects during the application of the degree, awards and the patents. Papers should have been officially released, not published ones should be listed as the employed (with a formal hiring letter) paper. Writing books and papers has the same format with references.
14. Appendix: can include the long and tedious formula that the main body didn’t list; supporting mathematical tool or form for the convenience of others to read; repetitive data charts; calculation procedures and descriptions etc.
15. Requirements of the writing of the spine in appendix V.
B: The thesis writing:
1. Language expression
Dissertation should be well-structured and based on reliable data, be textually concise and well-reasoned, make a thorough description and correct arguments. Avoid using literary and emotional non-academic words.
A non-universal new term, new terminology or new concepts should be immediately explained.
2. Level and title
Level should be clear; title to be focused and concise.
Level code format is as follows:
Chapter one ´ ´ ´ ´ （in the middle）
1.1 ´ ´ ´ ´
1.1.1 ´ ´ ´ ´
3. Page header and page number:
page header start from chapter 1, using “宋体五号字” in the middle to write “天津职业技术师范大学硕士学位论文”.
Page number start from the introduction arranged by consecutive Arabic numerals, front part with the Roman numerals should be in a separate arrangement ; page number is in the bottom of the page, centered writing.
4. Relevant chart, tables, etc
1. illustrations
All illustrations numbers by sub-chapter, for instance, Chapter 1, 3 chart should be "Figure 1-3", all illustrations are required to have chart title (chart explanation), map number and map title (in italics V) should be marked below the chart;
If a plan has a number of sub-plans, sub-figure number should be compiled. Using (a), (b), (c) sequentially arranged;
illustrations should closely follow the text above. In the text, the Figure number and contents is usually before the figure. For special circumstances, the delayed illustration should not be cross-section;
graphic symbols and various linear drawings shall follow the existing national standards;
Coordinates in coordinate map should indicate the scale, and indicate the physical quantity and dimension (marked in the order of the axis point at), labels should follow international standard (SI), such as: kw, m / s, Nm, etc.;
provided photos should have appropriate size, focused theme and clear hierarchy, photos must have a amplification factor;
map should be understandable, which means that you can understand the meaning of the map by looking at the map title and legend without reading the main body;
illustrations should label the conditions completely, such as experimental conditions, structural parameters etc;
indicate the source when using other people’s illustrations.
2. tables
tables shall number by chapters, such as Table 2-1, and creat a table title (italics V) (tabular note). The table’s form should be three-wire table (except in special circumstances). Numbers in the same blank of the table must be aligned up and down. Table should not use "ibid" "//” and similar words, instead, fill in the specific numbers or text. "blank" in the table represents un-detected or no such item;
the number of the table title should be arranged in the middle;
the design of the table should closely follow the text above. If the table is large or is used as a tool, you can give an attached table in the Appendix;
the dimension and various physical quantities in the table should be labeled in accordance with the International Standards (SI) and the government-approved symbols and statutory measurement units;
indicate the source when using other people’s tables.
3. mathematics, physics and chemical formula
every formula requires a formula number;
formula number should be arranged by chapter, for instance (2.3). formula is centered and the number is right-aligned;
the dimension and various physical quantities in the formula should be labeled in accordance with the International Standards (SI) and the government-approved symbols and statutory measurement units. Using obsolete symbols and measurement units is prohibited;
words, symbols, fonts in the formula should be consistent with the scientific norms. Longer formula should be situated in the middle when start a new line, which only occurs in +,-,*,/ and aligned by “=”.
5. References
references should generally be the literature that of great value which has been officially published and directly read by the author. References are not usually indirectly used, except in special circumstances;
references should have the authority and be the latest literature;
It should be listed in the references when you cite other people’s academic point of view or academic achievements;
reference are listed in order of their appearances in the paper;
the number of references (for reference)
A general number of references for master’s degree is about more than 80, including more than 40 foreign language references;
several major bibliographic references format:
serials: serial number author. Text title [J]. Title of the journal, year, volume number (issue number): start-stop page number.
monograph (translated): serial number author. Title of the book[M] (, translator). Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication: start-stop page number
anthology: serial number author. Text titles [C]. See (in): Editor, name of the collected works (eds). Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication: start-stop page number
degree thesis: No. Name. text title [D]. Location of the granting unit: granting unit, grant years
patents: number applicants. Name of the patent. Country names, types of patent documents, patent No. [P], publication date.
technical standards: unit of the number issued. Technical Standards Code. Technical standard names [S]. place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.
Electronic Document: serial number author. Text titles [document type code / document carrier code]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (updated or modified date) [cited date]. Access and visit path.
Some examples are as follows:
[1] 张昆，冯立群，余昌钰等. 机器人柔性手腕的球面齿轮设计研究[J]. 清华大学学报，1994, 34(2): 1-7.
[2] 竺可桢. 物理学[M]. 北京：科学出版社，1973: 56-60.
[3] Dupont B. Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency withan unrelated MLC compatible donor[C]. In: White H J, Smith R, eds. Proceedings of theThird Annual Meeting of the International Society for Experimental Hematology. Hou-ston: International Society for Experimental Hematology, 1974: 44-46.
[4] 郑开青. 通讯系统模拟及软件[D]. 北京：清华大学无线电系，1987.
[5] 姜锡洲. 一种温热外敷药制备方法. 中国专利，881056073[P], 1980-07-26.
[6] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局. GB3100~3102. 中华人民共和国国家标准－量与单位[S]. 北京：中国标准出版社，1994-11-01.
[7] Online Computer Library Center. Inc. History of OCLC[EB/OL]. [2000-01-08]. http://www.oclc.org/ about/history/default.htm.
6. quantities and units
strictly implement the rules made by GB3100 ~ 3102:93 about quantities and units (specific requirements, please refer to "useful quantities and units" Metrology Press, 1996); as to the writing of the unit name, you can use the universal symbol, or you can use Chinese , but the whole text should be unified, not mix the two.
C: requirements of thesis typesetting and printing:
1. Cover (see Annex 1)
Master's degree thesis adopts the unified form for the whole school.
2. Requirements and examples for the font, pattern and size
|
entry |
Chinese |
English |
|
headline |
第一章 黑体小三号 |
Arial |
|
Section I title |
4.1 实验方法黑体四号 |
Arial |
|
Section II title |
3.2.2 实验装置 黑体小四号 |
Arial (bold) |
|
Section III title (not recommended) |
5.3.3.2 原材料 黑体小四号 |
Arial |
|
Main body |
实验取得预期效果 宋体小四 |
Times New Roman |
|
Table title and figure title |
表2.13 飞行时间质谱实验装置 楷体五号 |
Times New Roman |
|
References and page header |
Herzberg G and Sprinks J W T. 宋体五号 |
Times New Roman |
3. Requirements for paragraph and line spacing
the text paragraphs and the title all take the "fixed line spacing 20 ~ 21pt", before-paragraph line spacing takes 6 ~ 12pt.
different after-paragraph line spacing were taken according to the different levels of the title.
Levels of the title after-paragraphs line spacing
headline 20 pt
section I title 12 pt
section II title 6 pt
section III title 6pt（section III title is not recommended）
(the after-paragraph spacing of all levels of the title can be properly adjusted, to facilitate the control of the proper location of the body)
the after-paragraph spacing of the references’ title is 20pt. Body of the reference takes the fixed line spacing of 17pt and plus line spacing of 3pt before paragraph.
4. Page Setup
Pages adopt A4 paper printing and page margins are set as: upper 2.5cm, lower 2.0cm, left 2.5cm, and right 2.0cm. According to the thickness of the thesis, choose one side or double-sided printing freely.
5. Other unmentioned format should be arranged in line with the principle of beauty.
Postgraduate Department of Tianjin University of Technology and Education
Appendix I（Submit the thesis (6 in all). Covers will be printed by the institute and you can come to Postgraduate Department to purchase and get them. This cover can be saved for personal needs and review）
硕 士 学 位 论 文
基于CORBA和SNMP的智能网络管理系统
Smart Network Management System
Based on CORBA and SNMP
（中文小二加黑，宋体，英文Arial，小三，1.2倍行距）
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作 者 姓 名： |
李成刚 |
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|
|
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导师（职称）： |
杨庆德 教授 |
|
|
|
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学科（专业）： |
计算机应用技术 |
|
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|
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提交论文日期： |
2005年12月（仿宋小三） |
Appendix II
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分类号： |
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学校代码： |
10066 |
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密 级： |
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学 号： |
|
基于CORBA和SNMP的智能网络管理系统
Smart Network Management System
Based on CORBA and SNMP
（中文小二加黑，宋体，英文Arial，小三，1.2倍行距）
|
作 者 姓 名： |
李成刚 |
|
导师（职称）： |
杨庆德 教授 |
|
一 级 学 科： |
|
|
学科（专业）： |
计算机应用技术 |
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年 级： |
2002级 |
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提交论文日期： |
2005年12月 |
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学位授予单位： |
天津工程师范学院 |
（四号仿宋）
Appendix III：
独 创 性 声 明
声明：本人所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 天津工程师范学院 或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
学位论文作者签名： 签字日期： 年 月 日
学位论文版权使用授权书
本学位论文作者完全了解 天津工程师范学院 有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，特授权 天津工程师范学院 可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文，允许论文被查阅和借阅。同意学校向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）
学位论文作者签名： 导师签名：
签字日期： 年 月 日 签字日期： 年 月 日
Appendix IV：
中文摘要（样例，小三黑体居中）
近几年来，随着世界水电设备需求主流的转变，我国的水电事业呈现好的发展。水轮发电机是水电事业发展的关键设备，因此对大型、超大型水轮发电机的设计、制造显得及其重要。随着企业之间竞争的剧烈，对于水轮发电机设计方法的完善和对水轮发电机设计效率的提高，成为企业立于不败之地的关键。但是就目前的行业应用情况而言，许多软件还是DOS时代开发的，软件的界面不够友好，人机交互能力不强，设计人员的能动性和创造性得不到发挥，设计效率不高。针对存在的这些问题，对国内水轮发电机电磁设计方法和富士电机电磁设计进行了深入研究，同时将改进的PSO优化算法一自适应变异粒子群优化算法(AMPSO)引入水轮发电机优化设计之中，在此基础上，采用“功能模块化、系统集成化”的现代软件工程思想，以工程数据库为基础，开发了适用于水轮发电机的CAD软件。该软件由设计分析模块、辅助分析模块以及数据库管理模块为主体，整个软件在数据库管理的组织下，能自动实现从数据库中存取数据，实现了数据流的自动传递。本软件除了基本的方案设计功能，同时能实现性能仿真等功能。（摘要正文800-1000字，小四宋体）
关键词:水轮发电机CAD，优化设计，粒子群优化，自适应变异数据库
（关键词3~5个，中间用“，”号分开）
Abstract（Sample，new page，小三 Arial 居中）
With the changing unity emended hydroelectricity equipment thaw orldinrecent years, a rapid development appeared in thermoelectricity industry in China. Hydraulic generator is the key equipment in hydroelectricity industry, so its design and manufactureisveryi important particularly large-scale a neutral-large type. It is perfecting the design and increasing of design efficiency that is the critical factor whether the enterprise will win in the cut-throat competition. However, the CAD software in many design units is designed in DOS, so it can't provide friendly interface, good man-machine reactive ability and high efficiency. As are salt, an only see electromagnetism design method bout domestic same time，a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Particle Swarm Optimization with adaptive mutation( AMPSO)is applied to h hydraulic generator ensign’s aside nth end database, the appropriate CAD design software is designed. The software is composed of design module, assistant design module and DBMS. Organized by Database, data stream transmission can fetch data automatically. Besides designing scheme, the software can implement performance measurement and so on.（内容与中文同，Times New Roman，小四）
Key words: hydrae particle, generator CAD, optimum design
Appendix VI（目录可用此模板，也可自动生成）
目 录（小三黑体居中，中间空两格）
空一行
第1章 绪论（宋体小四，加黑，行间距固定值18磅）·········································· 1
1.1甾体化合物概述（宋体五号，加黑）·········································································· 1
1.1.1甾体化合物的结构（宋体五号）·············································································· 1
1.1.2甾体化合物的分类···································································································· 1
1.1.3甾体化合物的临床应用····························································································· 2
1.2甾体化合物的微生物转化····························································································· 2
1.2.1甾体化合物的微生物转化·························································································· 2
1.2.2甾体化合物微生物转化反应的特点············································································ 3
1.2.3甾体化合物微生物转化反应的共性难题····································································· 4
1.3甾体化合物C1,2-位微生物脱氢的研究进展··································································· 5
1.3.1用于甾体化合物C1,2位脱氢的微生物········································································ 6
1.3.2甾体化合物C1,2位脱氢的机理··················································································· 6
1.3.3甾体化合物C1,2位脱氢的酶学性质············································································ 7
1.4本论文研究的对象和主要内容······················································································ 8
1.4.1美雄酮的用途··········································································································· 8
1.4.2微生物法制备美雄酮的开发前景··············································································· 8
1.4.3本论文的研究内容·································································································· 10
第2章 材料与方法·········································································································· 12
2.1实验材料······················································································································ 12
2.1.1试剂······················································································································· 12
2.1.2实验仪器················································································································ 12
2.1.3实验菌种················································································································ 13
2.1.4培养基···················································································································· 13
…….
……..
…….
第5章 结论······················································································································ 43
参考文献····························································································································· 50
致谢····································································································································· 46
申请学位期间的研究成果及发表的学术论文····························································· 51
附录Ⅰ美雄酮的核磁共振谱图（氢谱）····································································· 52
附录Ⅱ美雄酮的核磁共振谱图（碳谱）····································································· 53
第1章 绪论（黑体小三号，居中，段后20pt）
1.1 课题的背景及意义（黑体四号，段后12pt）
由齿轮、轴、轴承及箱体组成的圆柱齿轮减速器，用于原动机和工作机或执行机构之间，起匹配转速和传递转矩的作用，在现代机械中应用极为广泛。
圆柱齿轮减速器作为普遍使用的传动装置，其设计过程几乎涉及机械设计各个方面，如结构设计、动力学设计、标准件选型设计、润滑与密封设计、几何参数设计、强度设计等。设计齿轮减速器时，若凭经验设计，则设计结果偏于保守；若用传统的设计方法，则因计算过程繁琐，容易出错，且设计周期长、浪费人力。而利用CAD手段进行设计，可提高设计质量，缩短设计周期。高等院校一直把齿轮减速器的设计作为机械零件课程设计内容，工程技术人员经常进行减速器的设计工作。由于设计过程的复杂性，迫使指导教师、工程技术人员要花大量时间来审阅设计结果的正确性、可行性。因此，开发研制齿轮减速器CAD系统软件具有重要的意义，它既可以缩短齿轮减速器的设计周期和提高设计效率，又可以用于高等院校机械设计课程设计指导。
减速器及齿轮的设计与制造技术的发展，在一定程度上标志着一个国家的工业水平，因此，开拓和发展减速器及齿轮技术具有广阔的前景。当今世界各国减速器及齿轮技术发展总趋势是向“六高”、“二低”、“二化”方向发展。“六高”即高承载能力、高齿面硬度、高精度、高速度、高可靠性和高传动效率;“二低”即低噪声、低成本:“二化”即标准化、多样化。技术发展中最引人注目的是硬齿面技术、功率分支技术和模块化设计技术。
硬齿面技术到20世纪80年代时在国外日趋成熟。采用优质合金钢锻件渗碳淬火磨齿的硬齿面齿轮，精度不低于IS01328-1975的6级，综合承载能力为中硬齿面调质齿轮的4倍，为软齿面齿轮的5-6倍。一个中等规格的硬齿面齿轮减速器的重量仅为软齿面齿轮减速器的1/3左右。
功率分支技术主要指行星及大功率齿轮箱的功率双分及多分支装置，如中心传动的水泥磨主减速器，其核心技术是均载。
模块化设计技术对通用和标准减速器旨在追求高性能和满足用户多样化大覆盖面需求的同时，尽可能减少零部件及毛坯的品种规格，以便于组织生产，使零部件生产形成批量，降低成本，取得规模效益。
其他技术的发展还表现在理论研究(如强度计算、修形技术、现代设计方法的应用，新齿形、新结构的应用等)更完善、更接近实际;普遍采用各种优质合金钢锻件；材料和热处理质量控制水平的提高；结构设计更合理；加工精度普遍提高到ISO的4-6级；轴承质量和寿命的提高;润滑油质量的提高;加工装备和检测手段的提高等方面。
90年代中期以来，随着改革开放，国外公司开始大举抢占中国市场，仅在天津就有SEW,FLENDER,住友等多家国外公司独资办厂。这些公司不仅是全球经营，而且是全球制造。它们凭装备、技术、资金和生产规模的优势同国内骨干齿轮厂展开了激烈竞争。它们不断推出新的更新换代的硬齿面通用减速器，不但在承载能力等主要技术指标上又有提高，而且在模块化设计方面都作了新的努力。比如，FLENDER公司从1993年到1999年每两年就更新一次样本，每一次都有新的提高。相比之下，我们现在的产品已是十多年不变，标准都已落后，而且已失去了价格优势。可以说，从1995年开始，我国的硬齿面通用减速器就没有能与国外相抗衡产品，致使我们的企业与国外公司的竞争经常失利，中国的通用减速器产品，己面临严重的危机。
随着科学技术的发展和日益增长的社会需求，机械产品的类型、规格及性能迅速地发生变化，市场要求产品的设计周期越来越短。传统的齿轮减速器设计往往是手工设计，因减速器设计计算烦琐、复杂，致使手工设计的效率、可靠性、准确性大大降低:作为系列化产品，减速器采用传统设计方法，需要进行反复的计算、查询和绘图，造成大量重复劳动。另外，传统的类比设计中还存在一个极大的毛病，即在设计时，大部分设计人员都是在已有产品的基础上将尺寸增大，这样的相似设计使得产品的尺寸与重量越来越大，造成财力、人力的浪费。
在科技日益发展的今天，虽然CAD技术已被企业重视，但通用CAD软件对大多数用户来说，只是绘图工具，不能解决设计问题，其实质仍是手工设计，同时对使用者的要求也较高。因使用者要直接使用图形支撑软件的命令去构造图形，这就要求其对各种命令的功能及使用方法十分熟悉，从而限制了对这些命令不熟悉但精通产品设计的人员有效地使用计算机进行辅助设计，而使硬件和软件得不到充分利用。解决此问题的办法是由少数既掌握计算机应用技术又J懂产品设计的人员开发出某一产品的CAD应用软件，使其具有良好的人机界面，并融入大量专业设计人员的经验，从而使一般设计人员能够使用计算机应用软件进行产品设计，提高设计效率与质量。毫不例外，齿轮减速器行业也存如下:
1）60年代，CAD的主要特点是交互式二维绘图和三维线框模型。
2）70年代，CAD的主要技术特点是自由曲线曲面生成算法和表面造型理论。在这期间逐渐形成了CAD产业。
3）80年代，CAD的主要技术特征是实体造型理论和几何建模方法。这种技术能够表达零件的全部形体信息，有助于CAD/CAM/CAE的集成，被认为是新一带CAD系统在技术上的突破性进展。
4）90年代，参数化造型理论日趋成熟，形成了基于特征的实体造型技术，为建立产品的信息模型奠定了基础。其以PTC公司的Pro/ENGINEER为代表。
5）以IDEAS为代表的变量化造型技术代表着CAD的将来发展方向。变量化造型技术是在参数化造型技术的基础上改进后提出的一种设计思想。它保留了参数化造型设计的基于特征尺寸驱动、设计修改全数据相关的特点，而在全约束方面做了重大修改。它将形状约束和尺寸约束分开来考虑就可以让设计者对实体上的任意特征实时地进行编辑修改，方便操作，更好地表达设计者的创作意图。
第2章 系统实施方案
2.1 软件开发路线
软件工程强调使用生存周期方法学和各种结构分析及结构设计技术。人类解决复杂问题时普遍采用的一个策略就是“各个击破”，也就是对问题进行分解然后再分别解决各个子问题的策略。软件工程采用的生存周期方法学就是从时间角度对软件开发和维护的复杂问题进行分解，把软件生存的漫长周期依次划分为若干个阶段，每个阶段有相对独立的任务，然后逐步完成每个阶段的任务。采用软件工程方法论开发软件的时候，从对任务的抽象逻辑分析开始，分阶段地进行开发。前一个阶段任务的完成是开始进行后一个阶段工作的前提和基础。
培养工作